Chasing Lightning: Detecting, Characterizing, and Identifying a Powerful Space-Based GNSS Interference Source

View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:This paper analyzes and identifies a space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference source that has caused scores of powerful transient wide-area interference events over continental Europe, Greenland, and Canada since 2019. While terrestrial or near-terrestrial sources are primarily responsible for the recent uptick in GNSS interference worldwide, space-based interferers are of special concern given their potential for vast geographic reach and their portent of a qualitative escalation in GNSS interference. Based on data collected between 2019 and 2026 from a network of terrestrial GNSS reference stations, this paper (1) develops a received-power-based detection framework; (2) details the spatial, temporal, and spectral patterns of wide-area interference events caused by the source; (3) presents and analyzes identification techniques that blend received-power and time-difference-of-arrival measurements; and (4) applies these techniques to confidently identify the GNSS interference source as a constellation of Russian early warning satellites in Molniya ("lightning") orbits.

Comments: Submitted for review to the Institute of Navigation journal NAVIGATION

Subjects: Signal Processing (eess.SP) Cite as: arXiv:2606.03673 [eess.SP]   (or arXiv:2606.03673v1 [eess.SP] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.03673 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Todd Humphreys [view email] [v1] Tue, 2 Jun 2026 13:57:43 UTC (2,828 KB)