Arctic glaciers and ice caps through the Holocene:a circumpolar synthesis of lake-based reconstructions

Adamson, K., Lane, T., Carney, M., Bishop, T., and Delaney, C.: High-resolution proglacial lake records of pre-Little Ice Age glacier advance, northeast Greenland, Boreas, 48, 535–550, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12361, 2019. Allaart, L., Schomacker, A., Larsen, N. K., Nørmark, E., Rydningen, T. A., Farnsworth, W. R., Retelle, M., Brynjólfsson, S., Forwick, M., and Kjellman, S. E.: Glacial history of the Åsgardfonna Ice Cap, NE Spitsbergen, since the last glaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 251, 106717, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106717, 2021. Anderson, L. S., Geirsdóttir, Á., Flowers, G. E., Wickert, A. D., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., and Thorsteinsson, T.: Controls on the lifespans of Icelandic ice caps, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 527, 115780, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115780, 2019. Andreev, A. A., Lubinski, D. J., Bobrov, A. A., Ingólfsson, Ó., Forman, S. L., Tarasov, P. E., and Möller, P.: Early Holocene environments on October Revolution Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 267, 21–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.05.002, 2008.

Axford, Y., Lasher, G. E., Kelly, M. A., Osterberg, E. C., Landis, J., Schellinger, G. C., Pfeiffer, A., Thompson, E., and Francis, D. R.: Holocene temperature history of northwest Greenland–With new ice cap constraints and chironomid assemblages from Deltasø, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 215, 160–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.011, 2019. Axford, Y., de Vernal, A. and Osterberg, E.C.: Past Warmth and Its Impacts During the Holocene Thermal Maximum in Greenland, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 49, 279–307, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-081420-063858, 2021. Bakke, J., Dahl, S. O., Paasche, Ø., Løvlie, R., and Nesje, A.: Glacier fluctuations, equilibrium–line altitudes and palaeoclimate in Lyngen, northern Norway, during the Lateglacial and Holocene, The Holocene, 15, 518–540, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl815rp, 2005a. Bakke, J., Dahl, S. O., and Nesje, A.: Lateglacial and early Holocene palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on glacier fluctuations and equilibrium-line altitudes at northern Folgefonna, Hardanger, western Norway, J. Quaternary Sci., 20, 179–198, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.893, 2005b.

Bakke, J., Lie, Ø., Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., and Paasche, Ø.: Utilizing physical sediment variability in glacier–fed lakes for continuous glacier reconstructions during the Holocene, northern Folgefonna, western Norway, The Holocene, 15, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl797rp, 2005c. Bakke, J., Dahl, S. O., Paasche, Ø., Simonsen, J. R., Kvisvik, B., Bakke, K., and Nesje, A.: A complete record of Holocene glacier variability at Austre Okstindbreen, northern Norway: an integrated approach, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1246–1262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.012, 2010. Bakke, J., Trachsel, M., Kvisvik, B.C., Nesje, A., and Lyså, A.: Numerical analyses of a multi–proxy data set from a distal glacier–fed lake, Sørsendalsvatn, western Norway, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 73, 182–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.003, 2013. Balascio, N. L., D'Andrea, W. J., and Bradley, R. S.: Glacier response to North Atlantic climate variability during the Holocene, Clim. Past, 11, 1587–1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1587-2015, 2015. Barclay, D. J., Wiles, G. C., and Calkin, P. E.: Holocene glacier fluctuations in Alaska, Quaternary Sci.

Rev., 28, 2034–2048, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.016, 2009. Bjørk, A. A., Kjær, K. H., Korsgaard, N. J., Khan, S. A., Kjeldsen, K. K., Andresen, C. S., Box, J. E., Larsen, N. K., and Funder, S.: An aerial view of 80 years of climate-related glacier fluctuations in southeast Greenland, Nat. Geosci., 5, 427–432, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1481, 2012.  Björnsson, H. and Pálsson, F.: Icelandic glaciers, Jökull, 58, 365–386, 2008. Black, J. L.: Holocene climate change in south-central Iceland: A multi-proxy lacustrine record from glacial lake Hvítárvatn, doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, https://www.proquest.com/openview/c9950fc5a86a9485bace6918798628e1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 (last access: 15 July 2021), 2008.  Braithwaite, R. J. and Müller, F.: On the parameterization of glacier equilibrium line altitude, IAHS-AISH P., 126, 263–271, 1980. Briner, J. P., Davis, P. T., and Miller, G. H.: Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation of Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: key patterns and chronologies, Quaternary Sci.

Rev., 28, 2075–2087, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.017, 2009. Briner, J. P., McKay, N. P., Axford, Y., Bennike, O., Bradley, R. S., de Vernal, A., Fisher, D., Francus, P., Fréchette, B., Gajewski, K., and Jennings, A.: Holocene climate change in Arctic Canada and Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 147, 340–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.010, 2016. Calkin, P. E.: Holocene glaciation of Alaska (and adjoining Yukon Territory, Canada), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 7, 159–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(88)90004-2, 1988.  Cappelen, J.: The observed climate of Greenland, 1958–99 – with climatological standard normals, 1961–90, Danish Meteorological Institute, 2001.  Cappelen, J.: Greenland – DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1784–2019, Danish Meteorological Institute, 2020.  Collins, M., Knutti, R., Arblaster, J., Dufresne, J. L., Fichefet, T., Friedlingstein, P., Gao, X., Gutowski, W. J., Johns, T., Krinner, G., and Shongwe, M.: Long–term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility, in: Climate Change 2013–The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I

to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M. M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Alexander Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, ISBN (Print) 9781107057991, 9781107661820, 2013. Dahl, S. O. and Nesje, A.: Holocene glacier fluctuations at Hardangerjøkulen, central-southern Norway: a high-resolution composite chronology from lacustrine and terrestrial deposits, The Holocene, 4, 269–277, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369400400306, 1994. Dahl, S. O. and Nesje, A.: A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium–ine altitudes and pine-tree limits: a case stud from Hardangerjokulen, central southern Norway, The Holocene, 6, 381–398, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369600600401, 1996. Dahl, S. O., Bakke, J., Lie, Ø., and Nesje, A.: Reconstruction of former glacier equilibrium–line altitudes based on proglacial sites: an evaluation of approaches and selection of sites, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 275–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00135-X, 2003. Daigle, T. A. and Kaufman, D. S.: Holocene climate inferred from glacier extent, lake sediment and tree rings at Goat Lake, Kenai Mountains, Alaska, USA, J. Quaternary Sci.,

24, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1166, 2009. Davis, P. T., Menounos, B., and Osborn, G.: Holocene and latest Pleistocene alpine glacier fluctuations: a global perspective, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 2021–2033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.020, 2009. de Wet, G. A., Balascio, N. L., D'Andrea, W. J., Bakke, J., Bradley, R. S., and Perren, B.: Holocene glacier activity reconstructed from proglacial lake Gjøavatnet on Amsterdamøya, NW Svalbard, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 183, 188–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.03.018, 2018.  Einarsson, M. Á.: Climate of Iceland, World Survey of Climatology, 15, 673–697, 1984.  ESWG – Ecological Stratification Working Group: A national ecological framework for Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario/Hull, Quebec, Canada, 1995. Farnsworth, W. R., Ingólfsson, Ó., Alexanderson, H., Allaart, L., Forwick, M., Noormets, R., Retelle, M., and Schomacker, A.: Holocene glacial history of Svalbard: Status, perspectives and challenges, Earth-Sci. Rev., 208, 103249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103249, 2020.

Fisher, D., Zheng, J., Burgess, D., Zdanowicz, C., Kinnard, C., Sharp, M., and Bourgeois, J.: Recent melt rates of Canadian arctic ice caps are the highest in four millennia, Global Planet. Change, 84, 3–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.005, 2012. Førland, E. J., Benestad, R., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Haugen, J. E., and Skaugen, T. E.: Temperature and precipitation development at Svalbard 1900–2100, Adv. Meteorol., 2011, 893790, https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/893790, 2011. Geirsdóttir, Á., Miller, G. H., Axford, Y., and Ólafsdóttir, S.: Holocene and latest Pleistocene climate and glacier fluctuations in Iceland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.013, 2009. Geirsdóttir, Á., Miller, G. H., Larsen, D. J., and Ólafsdóttir, S.: Abrupt Holocene climate transitions in the northern North Atlantic region recorded by synchronized lacustrine records in Iceland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 70, 48–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.010, 2013.